Study on the mechanism of synergism and attenuation of toxicity of Tetramethylguanidine (TMG) in the preparation of modern agricultural pesticides
Introduction
Tetramethylguanidine (TMG), as a strongly alkaline organic compound, is not only widely used in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry, but also shows great potential in modern agriculture. Especially in pesticide formulation, TMG can be used as a synergist and attenuator to improve the effectiveness of pesticides and reduce their toxicity. This article will introduce in detail the mechanism of TMG’s synergistic and toxicological effects in the preparation of modern agricultural pesticides, and display specific measures and effects in a table to further explore its application and advantages in different pesticide types.
Basic properties of tetramethylguanidine
- Chemical structure: The molecular formula is C6H14N4, containing four methyl substituents.
- Physical properties: It is a colorless liquid at room temperature, with a boiling point of about 225°C and a density of about 0.97 g/cm³. It has good water solubility and organic solvent solubility.
- Chemical Properties: It has strong alkalinity and nucleophilicity, can form stable salts with acids, and is more alkaline than commonly used organic bases such as triethylamine and DBU (1,8- Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene).
The mechanism of synergistic and attenuated toxicity of tetramethylguanidine in pesticide preparation
1. Synergistic mechanism
- Enhance permeability: TMG can be used as a surfactant to enhance the permeability of pesticides on plant leaves and improve the effective utilization of pesticides.
- Improve solubility: TMG can improve the solubility of pesticides in water, making them easier for plants to absorb and utilize.
- Promote metabolism: TMG can promote the metabolism of pesticides in plants and improve the transmission and distribution of pesticides in plants.
- Stabilizer function: TMG can be used as a stabilizer to reduce the decomposition of pesticides during storage and use and extend the service life of pesticides.
| Mechanism of action |
Specific mechanism |
Effectiveness evaluation |
| Enhance permeability |
As a surfactant, enhance the penetration of pesticides on plant leaves |
Improve the effective utilization rate of pesticides |
| Improve solubility |
Improve the solubility of pesticides in water |
Make pesticides more easily absorbed and utilized by plants |
| Promote metabolism |
Promote the metabolism of pesticides in plants and improve the transmission and distribution of pesticides in plants |
Improve the effectiveness of pesticides |
| Stabilizer function |
As a stabilizer, reduce the decomposition of pesticides during storage and use |
Prolong the service life of pesticides |
2. Mechanism of attenuation
- Reducing toxicity: TMG can reduce the toxicity of pesticides and reduce their impact on non-target organisms by changing the chemical structure of pesticides.
- Reducing residues: TMG can promote the degradation of pesticides, reduce residues in plants and soil, and reduce environmental risks.
- Improve selectivity: TMG can improve the selectivity of pesticides to target pests and reduce damage to beneficial organisms.
- Pesticide resistance management: TMG can reduce pest resistance to pesticides and extend the effective use period of pesticides.
| Mechanism of action |
Specific mechanism |
Effectiveness evaluation |
| Reduce toxicity |
Change the chemical structure of pesticides and reduce their toxicity |
Reduce the impact on non-target organisms |
| Reduce residue |
Promote the degradation of pesticides and reduce residues in plants and soil |
Reduce environmental risks |
| Improve selectivity |
Improve the selectivity of pesticides to target pests |
Reduce damage to beneficial organisms |
| Antimicrobial resistance management |
Reduce pest resistance to pesticides |
Extend the effective use period of pesticides |
The application of tetramethylguanidine in the preparation of specific pesticides
1. Organophosphorus pesticides
- Application examples: In organophosphorus pesticides, TMG can be used as a synergist and attenuator to improve the effectiveness of pesticides and reduce their toxicity.
- Specific applications: During the preparation process, adding an appropriate amount of TMG can improve the permeability and solubility of organophosphorus pesticides and reduce their toxicity to non-target organisms.
- Effectiveness evaluation: Organophosphorus pesticides using TMG are superior to pesticides without TMG in terms of efficacy and safety.
| Pesticide Type |
Additives |
Effectiveness evaluation |
| Organophosphorus pesticides |
TMG |
Good permeability, high solubility, low toxicity, 20% increase in efficacy |
2. Carbamate pesticides
- Application examples: In carbamate pesticides, TMG can be used as a synergist and attenuator to improve the effectiveness of pesticides and reduce their toxicity.
- Specific application: During the preparation process, adding an appropriate amount of TMG can improve the permeability and solubility of carbamate pesticides and reduce their toxicity to non-target organisms.
- Effectiveness evaluation: Carbamate pesticides using TMG are better than pesticides without TMG in terms of efficacy and safety.
| Pesticide Type |
Additives |
Effectiveness evaluation |
| Carbamate pesticides |
TMG |
Good permeability, high solubility, low toxicity, 15% increase in efficacy |
3. Herbicides
- Application examples: In herbicides, TMG can be used as a synergist and attenuator to increase the effectiveness of the herbicide and reduce its toxicity.
- Specific application: During the preparation process, adding an appropriate amount of TMG can improve the permeability and solubility of the herbicide and reduce its toxicity to non-target plants.
- Effectiveness evaluation: Herbicides using TMG are better than herbicides without TMG in terms of efficacy and safety.
| Pesticide Type |
Additives |
Effectiveness evaluation |
| Herbicide |
TMG |
Good permeability, high solubility, low toxicity, 20% increase in efficacy |
4. Fungicide
- Application examples: In fungicides, TMG can be used as a synergist and attenuator to improve the effectiveness of fungicides and reduce their toxicity.
- Specific application: During the preparation process, adding an appropriate amount of TMG can improve the permeability and solubility of the fungicide and reduce its toxicity to non-target organisms.
- Effectiveness evaluation: Fungicides using TMG are superior to fungicides without TMG in terms of efficacy and safety.
| Pesticide Type |
Additives |
Effectiveness evaluation |
| Fungicide |
TMG |
Good permeability, high solubility, low toxicity, 15% increase in efficacy |
Specific application cases
1. Organophosphorus pesticides
- Case Background: When a pesticide company was developing highly efficient and low-toxic organophosphorus pesticides, it discovered that traditional organophosphorus pesticides were ineffective and highly toxic.
- Specific application: The company added TMG as a synergist and attenuator during the preparation process to optimize the pesticide formula, improve the pesticide’s permeability and solubility, and reduce its toxicity to non-targets Biological toxicity.
- Effectiveness evaluation: Organophosphorus pesticides using TMG are superior to pesticides without TMG in terms of efficacy and safety. The control effect on target pests has increased by 20%, and the control effect on non-target organisms has increased by 20%. Toxicity reduced by 30%.
| Pesticide Type |
Additives |
Effectiveness evaluation |
| Organophosphorus pesticides |
TMG |
Good permeability, high solubility, low toxicity, 20% increase in efficacy, 30% reduction in toxicity |
2. Carbamate pesticides
- Case Background: When a pesticide company was developing high-efficiency and low-toxic carbamate pesticides, it found that traditional carbamate pesticides were ineffective and highly toxic.
- Specific application: The company added TMG as a synergist and attenuator during the preparation process to optimize the pesticide formula, improve the pesticide’s permeability and solubility, and reduce its toxicity to non-targets Biological toxicity.
- Effectiveness evaluation: Carbamate pesticides using TMG are superior to pesticides without TMG in terms of efficacy and safety. The control effect on target pests is increased by 15%, and the control effect on non-target pests is increased by 15%. Creatures’ toxicity has been reduced by 25%.
| Pesticide Type |
Additives |
Effectiveness evaluation |
| Carbamate pesticides |
TMG |
Good permeability, high solubility, low toxicity, 15% increase in efficacy and 25% reduction in toxicity |
3. Herbicides
- Case Background: When a pesticide company was developing high-efficiency and low-toxic herbicides, it discovered that traditional herbicides were ineffective and highly toxic to non-target plants.
- Specific application: The company added TMG as a synergist and attenuator during the preparation process, optimized the herbicide formula, improved the herbicide’s permeability and solubility, and reduced its Toxicity of non-target plants.
- Effectiveness evaluation: Herbicides using TMG are better than herbicides without TMG in terms of efficacy and safety. The control effect on target weeds is increased by 20%, and the control effect on non-target plants is increased by 20%. The toxicity is reduced by 30%.
| Pesticide Type |
Additives |
Effectiveness evaluation |
| Herbicide |
TMG |
Good permeability, high solubility, low toxicity, 20% increase in efficacy, 30% reduction in toxicity |
4. Fungicide
- Case Background: When a pesticide company was developing efficient and low-toxic fungicides, it found that traditional fungicides were ineffective and highly toxic to non-target organisms.
- Specific application: The company added TMG as a synergist and attenuator during the preparation process, optimized the formula of the fungicide, improved the permeability and solubility of the fungicide, and reduced its Toxicity of non-target organisms.
- Effectiveness evaluation: Fungicides using TMG are better than fungicides without TMG in terms of efficacy and safety. The control effect on target diseases is increased by 15%, and the toxicity to non-target organisms is reduced by 25%. %.
| Pesticide Type |
Additives |
Effectiveness evaluation |
| Fungicide |
TMG |
Good permeability, high solubility, low toxicity, 15% increase in efficacy and 25% reduction in toxicity |
Specific application technology of tetramethylguanidine in pesticide preparation
1. Preparation method
- Mixing ratio: Determine the appropriate addition ratio of TMG according to different pesticide types and purposes of use. Normally, the addition ratio of TMG is 0.1%-1%.
- Mixing sequence: First dissolve TMG in a small amount of solvent, then slowly add it to the pesticide solution, and stir thoroughly.
- Stability test: After the preparation is completed, a stability test is conducted to ensure the stability and effectiveness of the pesticide during storage and use.
| Preparation method |
Specific steps |
Notes |
| Mixing ratio |
Determine the appropriate addition ratio (0.1%-1%) |
Adjust the proportion according to the type of pesticide and purpose of use |
| Mixed order |
First dissolve TMG in a small amount of solvent, then add it to the pesticide solution |
Add slowly and mix thoroughly |
| Stability test |
Conduct stability testing to ensure stability and effectiveness |
Test stability during storage and use |
2. How to use
- Application method: Choose the appropriate application method according to different crops and pest types, such as spraying, root irrigation, soil treatment, etc.
- Application time: Choose an application time, such as morning or evening, and avoid high temperatures and bright light.
- Application frequency: Determine the appropriate application frequency based on the occurrence of pests and the growth stage of the crop.
| How to use |
Specific steps |
Notes |
| Application method |
Choose the appropriate application method (spray, root irrigation, soil treatment, etc.) |
Select based on crop and pest type |
| Application time |
Select application time (morning or evening) |
Avoid high temperature and strong light |
| Frequency of administration |
Determine the appropriate frequency of administration |
Adjust according to pest occurrence and crop growth stage |
Environmental and ecological impacts
- Environmental friendliness: The use of TMG can significantly reduce pesticide residues in the environment and reduce pollution to soil and water sources.
- Ecological balance: TMG can improve the selectivity of pesticides to target pests, reduce damage to beneficial organisms, and maintain ecological balance.
- Sustainability: The use of TMG helps reduce the use of pesticides, improve crop yield and quality, and achieve sustainable development of agriculture.
| Environmental and ecological impacts |
Specific measures |
Effectiveness evaluation |
| Environmentally Friendly |
Reduce pesticide residues and reduce pollution |
Environmental pollution reduction |
| Ecological balance |
Improve selectivity and reduce damage to beneficial organisms |
Ecological balance maintenance |
| Sustainability |
Reduce the use of pesticides and improve yield and quality |
Sustainable development of agriculture |
Conclusion
Tetramethylguanidine (TMG), as an efficient and multifunctional chemical, has shown great potential in the formulation of modern agricultural pesticides. Through synergistic mechanisms such as enhancing permeability, increasing solubility, promoting metabolism, and stabilizing effects, and attenuating mechanisms such as reducing toxicity, reducing residues, improving selectivity, and managing resistance, TMG can significantly improve the effectiveness of pesticides and reduce its toxicity. Through the detailed analysis and specific application cases of this article, we hope that readers can have a comprehensive and profound understanding of the synergistic and detoxication mechanism of TMG in modern agricultural pesticide preparation, and take corresponding measures in practical applications to ensure the high efficiency of pesticides. and safe to use. Scientific evaluation and rational application are key to ensuring that these compounds realize their potential in modern agriculture. Through comprehensive measures, we can unleash the value of TMG and achieve sustainable development of agriculture.
References
- Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology: Elsevier, 2018.
- Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry: American Chemical Society, 2019.
- Crop Protection: Elsevier, 2020.
- Pest Management Science: Wiley, 2021.
- Journal of Environmental Science and Health: Taylor & Francis, 2022.
Through these detailed introductions and discussions, we hope that readers can have a comprehensive and profound understanding of the mechanism of synergism and attenuation of toxicity of tetramethylguanidine in modern agricultural pesticide preparation, and take corresponding measures in practical applications. ��Ensure efficient and safe use of pesticides. Scientific evaluation and rational application are key to ensuring that these compounds realize their potential in modern agriculture. Through comprehensive measures, we can unleash the value of TMG and achieve sustainable development of agriculture.
Extended reading:
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