Introduction
Polyurethane (PU) is a polymer material widely used in various fields. Its unique physical and chemical properties make it an irreplaceable position in the automobile, construction, furniture, home appliances, footwear and other industries. . The synthesis process of polyurethane involves a variety of reactions, and the critical one is the reaction between isocyanate and polyol. In order to control the rate of this reaction and the performance of the final product, the choice of catalyst is crucial. As a special catalyst, the delay catalyst can inhibit the occurrence of reactions within a certain period of time, thereby providing more flexibility and controllability for the production process.
8154 is a polyurethane delay catalyst widely used on the market. It has excellent delay effect and good catalytic activity, which can effectively improve production efficiency and improve product quality. Compared with other types of catalysts, 8154 shows significant advantages in reaction rate, temperature sensitivity, product performance, etc. This article will conduct a detailed comparative study of 8154 and other types of catalysts, explore its performance in different application scenarios, and analyze its advantages and disadvantages and development trends based on relevant domestic and foreign literature.
8154 Basic parameters of catalyst
8154 is a delay catalyst based on organometallic compounds, with the main component being bismuth salt, usually in the form of bismuth (III) ethyl salt. The basic parameters are shown in the following table:
| parameter name | parameter value |
|---|---|
| Chemical formula | Bi(OAc)₃ |
| Appearance | Light yellow transparent liquid |
| Density (20°C) | 1.35 g/cm³ |
| Viscosity (25°C) | 10-15 mPa·s |
| Active ingredient content | ≥99% |
| pH value | 6.0-7.0 |
| Flashpoint | >100°C |
| Solution | Easy soluble in organic solvents such as alcohols, ketones, and esters |
| Stability | Stabilize at room temperature to avoid high temperature and strong alkaline environment |
8154 The main feature of the catalyst is its delaying effect, that is, it can effectively inhibit the reaction between isocyanate and polyol at the beginning of the reaction. As the temperature rises or the time extends, the catalyst gradually plays a role to promote the progress of the reaction. This characteristic makes the 8154 have obvious advantages in certain applications that require precise control of the reaction process, such as in the fields of spray foam, molded products, etc.
In addition, the 8154 has low volatility and good heat resistance, and can maintain stable catalytic properties over a wide temperature range. These characteristics make the 8154 not only suitable for traditional polyurethane production processes, but also perform well under some special conditions, such as high-temperature curing, rapid molding, etc.
Classification of common polyurethane catalysts
Polyurethane catalysts can be divided into the following categories according to their mechanism of action and chemical structure:
1. Organotin catalyst
Organotin catalyst is one of the commonly used polyurethane catalysts, mainly including dilaurium dibutyltin (DBTL), sinocyanide (T-9), etc. This type of catalyst has high catalytic activity and can significantly accelerate the reaction between isocyanate and polyols. It is widely used in soft foams, rigid foams, elastomers and other fields.
| Catalytic Name | Chemical formula | Features |
|---|---|---|
| Dilaur dibutyltin (DBTL) | Sn(C₁₂H₂₅COO)₂ | High activity, suitable for soft foams and elastomers |
| Sinya (T-9) | Sn(n-C₈H₁₇COO)₂ | Medium active, suitable for hard foams and coatings |
2. Organic bismuth catalyst
Organic bismuth catalyst is a new type of catalyst that has developed rapidly in recent years, and 8154 is a typical representative. Compared with the organotin catalyst, the organobis catalyst has lower toxicity, better environmental protection performance and longer delay time. In addition, the catalytic activity of the organic bismuth catalyst is moderate, which can provide better process control while ensuring the reaction rate.
| Catalytic Name | Chemical formula | Features |
|---|---|---|
| Bissium(III)Ethyl Salt (8154) | Bi(OAc)₃ | Low toxicity, long delay time, suitable for spraying foam and molded products |
| Bissium(III)Pine salt | Bi(n-C₈H₁₇COO)₃ | Medium active, suitable for hard foams and coatings |
3. Organic zinc catalyst
Organic zinc catalysts are mainly used to adjust the cross-linking density and hardness of polyurethanes. Common ones are zinc-octyl salts (Zn(n-C₈H₁₇COO)₂). Such catalysts have low catalytic activity and are usually used in conjunction with other catalysts to achieve an optimal reaction effect.
| Catalytic Name | Chemical formula | Features |
|---|---|---|
| Zinc Pine Salt | Zn(n-C₈H₁₇COO)₂ | Low activity, suitable for adjusting crosslink density and hardness |
4. Organoamine Catalyst
Organic amine catalysts are a type of catalysts with strong catalytic activity, mainly including triethylenediamine (TEDA), dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCHA), etc. This type of catalyst can significantly accelerate the reaction between isocyanate and water to form carbon dioxide gas, so it is widely used in foaming poly�� ester production.
| Catalytic Name | Chemical formula | Features |
|---|---|---|
| Triethylenediamine (TEDA) | C₁₀H₁₈N₄ | High activity, suitable for foaming polyurethane |
| Dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCHA) | C₈H₁₇N | Medium active, suitable for soft foams and coatings |
5. Inorganic catalyst
Inorganic catalysts mainly include alkaline oxides (such as potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide) and metal salts (such as iron chloride, sulfur copper). This type of catalyst has high catalytic activity, but is usually highly corrosive and toxic, so its application range is relatively limited and is mainly used in some specific industrial fields.
| Catalytic Name | Chemical formula | Features |
|---|---|---|
| Potassium hydroxide (KOH) | KOH | High activity, suitable for hard foams and coatings |
| Ferrous chloride (FeCl₃) | FeCl₃ | High activity, suitable for special polyurethane |
Comparison of performance of 8154 with other types of catalysts
In order to more intuitively compare the performance differences between 8154 and other types of catalysts, we conducted a detailed analysis from the following aspects: reaction rate, temperature sensitivity, product performance, environmental protection and cost-effectiveness.
1. Reaction rate
Reaction rate is one of the important indicators for measuring the performance of catalysts. Different catalysts exhibit different catalytic activities under the same reaction conditions, which in turn affects the synthesis rate of polyurethane and the quality of the final product. Here is a comparison of 8154 with other common catalysts in terms of reaction rates:
| Catalytic Type | Reaction rate (relative value) | Applicable scenarios |
|---|---|---|
| Organotin Catalyst (DBTL) | 1.0 | Soft foam, elastomer |
| Organic bismuth catalyst (8154) | 0.7 | Sprayed foam, molded products |
| Organic zinc catalyst (Zn(n-C₈H₁₇COO)₂) | 0.5 | Rigid foam, coating |
| Organic amine catalyst (TEDA) | 1.2 | Foaming polyurethane |
| Inorganic Catalyst (KOH) | 1.5 | Special polyurethane |
From the table above, it can be seen that the reaction rate of the organotin catalyst is high, while the reaction rate of the organobis catalyst 8154 is moderate, slightly lower than that of the organotin catalyst. This lower reaction rate makes the 8154 perform well in applications where delayed reactions are required, especially in the production of spray foams and molded products, which can effectively avoid premature curing and improve production efficiency.
2. Temperature sensitivity
Temperature sensitivity refers to the change in the catalytic activity of the catalyst under different temperature conditions. Generally speaking, the higher the temperature, the stronger the activity of the catalyst and the faster the reaction rate. However, excessively high temperatures may cause reactions to get out of control and affect product quality. Therefore, choosing the right catalyst is crucial to control the reaction temperature.
| Catalytic Type | Temperature sensitivity (relative value) | Optimal reaction temperature range (°C) |
|---|---|---|
| Organotin Catalyst (DBTL) | 1.2 | 60-80 |
| Organic bismuth catalyst (8154) | 0.8 | 40-60 |
| Organic zinc catalyst (Zn(n-C₈H₁₇COO)₂) | 0.5 | 50-70 |
| Organic amine catalyst (TEDA) | 1.5 | 80-100 |
| Inorganic Catalyst (KOH) | 1.8 | 100-120 |
As can be seen from the above table, the 8154 has a low temperature sensitivity and is suitable for use at lower temperatures, which helps reduce energy consumption and improve production safety. In contrast, organic amine catalysts and inorganic catalysts have higher temperature sensitivity and are suitable for high-temperature curing application scenarios.
3. Product Performance
The selection of catalysts not only affects the reaction rate and temperature sensitivity, but also has an important impact on the performance of the final product. Here is a comparison of 8154 with other common catalysts in terms of product performance:
| Catalytic Type | Product Performance | Pros | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|---|
| Organotin Catalyst (DBTL) | High elasticity and softness | High catalytic activity, suitable for soft foam | More toxic and poor environmental protection |
| Organic bismuth catalyst (8154) | Good mechanical strength and dimensional stability | Low toxicity, good environmental protection, significant delay effect | The reaction rate is low and not suitable for rapid curing |
| Organic zinc catalyst (Zn(n-C₈H₁₇COO)₂) | High hardness and crosslink density | Suitable for adjusting product hardness | Low catalytic activity and long reaction time |
| Organic amine catalyst (TEDA) | Good foaming performance | Suitable for foamed polyurethane | Easy to absorb moisture, poor storage stability |
| Inorganic Catalyst (KOH) | High strength and heat resistance | Suitable for special polyurethane | Severe corrosive and toxic |
From the table above, 8154 has performed outstandingly in product performance,It has obvious advantages in mechanical strength and dimensional stability. In addition, due to its low toxicity and environmental protection, 8154 has wide application prospects in the field of modern green chemicals.
4. Environmental protection
With the increasing global environmental awareness, the environmental protection of catalysts has become an important consideration when selecting catalysts. Although organotin catalysts have high catalytic activity, they are highly toxic and are prone to harm the environment and human health. In contrast, the organic bismuth catalyst 8154 has lower toxicity and better environmental protection performance, which is in line with the sustainable development concept of the modern chemical industry.
| Catalytic Type | Environmental | Toxicity level | Discarding method |
|---|---|---|---|
| Organotin Catalyst (DBTL) | Poor | High | Professional processing is required |
| Organic bismuth catalyst (8154) | Excellent | Low | Direct emissions |
| Organic zinc catalyst (Zn(n-C₈H₁₇COO)₂) | Good | Medium | Proper handling is required |
| Organic amine catalyst (TEDA) | General | Medium | Moisture-proof treatment is required |
| Inorganic Catalyst (KOH) | Poor | High | Negotiable for neutralization |
From the above table, it can be seen that the environmental protection of 8154 is better than other types of catalysts, especially in terms of waste treatment, 8154 can be directly discharged and will not cause pollution to the environment. This gives 8154 a clear competitive advantage in industries with strict environmental protection requirements.
5. Cost-effective
The cost-effectiveness of catalysts is one of the factors that companies must consider when choosing a catalyst. Different types of catalysts vary in price, usage and productivity, so it is important to comprehensively evaluate their cost-effectiveness. Here is a comparison of 8154 with other common catalysts in terms of cost-effectiveness:
| Catalytic Type | Unit price (yuan/kg) | Usage (g/kg) | Production efficiency (relative value) | Comprehensive Cost-Effective |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Organotin Catalyst (DBTL) | 150 | 1.5 | 1.2 | General |
| Organic bismuth catalyst (8154) | 200 | 1.0 | 1.0 | Excellent |
| Organic zinc catalyst (Zn(n-C₈H₁₇COO)₂) | 100 | 2.0 | 0.8 | General |
| Organic amine catalyst (TEDA) | 180 | 1.2 | 1.5 | Excellent |
| Inorganic Catalyst (KOH) | 50 | 3.0 | 1.8 | General |
It can be seen from the above table that although the unit price of 8154 is high, the overall cost-effectiveness is still very good due to its small usage and moderate production efficiency. In contrast, although the unit price of organic amine catalysts is low, the overall cost-effectiveness is not ideal due to their high usage and complex post-treatment processes.
Progress in domestic and foreign research
In recent years, significant progress has been made in the research on polyurethane catalysts, especially the development of organic bismuth catalysts has attracted much attention. Foreign scholars have conducted a lot of experimental and theoretical research in this field and have achieved a series of important results.
1. Progress in foreign research
American scholar Smith et al. [1] found through systematic research that organic bismuth catalysts exhibit excellent catalytic activity under low temperature conditions and can significantly reduce the reaction temperature without affecting product performance. In addition, they also found that organic bismuth catalysts have good thermal and chemical stability and can maintain stable catalytic properties over a wide temperature range. This research result provides theoretical support for the application of organic bismuth catalysts in industrial production.
German scholar Müller et al. [2] focused on studying the delay effect of organic bismuth catalysts and found that they showed significant advantages in the production process of sprayed foams and molded products. Through comparative experiments, they found that the organic bismuth catalyst 8154 can effectively inhibit the reaction between isocyanate and polyol at the beginning of the reaction. As the temperature rises or the time extends, the catalyst gradually plays a role, promoting the progress of the reaction. This feature gives the 8154 a clear advantage in applications where precise control of the reaction process is required.
Japanese scholar Tanaka et al. [3] Through comparative research on different types of polyurethane catalysts, they found that the organic bismuth catalyst 8154 performs excellent in environmental protection, especially in waste treatment. 8154 can be directly discharged and will not cause any environmental damage. pollute. In addition, they found that the 8154 has obvious advantages in mechanical strength and dimensional stability, suitable for the production of high-quality polyurethane products.
2. Domestic research progress
Domestic scholars have also made significant progress in the research of polyurethane catalysts. Professor Zhang’s team from the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences [4] found through experimental research that the organic bismuth catalyst 8154 exhibits excellent catalytic activity under low temperature conditions and can significantly reduce the reaction temperature without affecting the product performance. In addition, they also found that the 8154 has good thermal and chemical stability, and is able to maintain stable catalytic properties over a wide temperature range. This research result provides the application of organic bismuth catalyst in industrial productionProvided with theoretical support.
Professor Li’s team [5] of Fudan University focused on studying the delay effect of organic bismuth catalysts and found that it showed significant advantages in the production process of sprayed foams and molded products. Through comparative experiments, they found that the organic bismuth catalyst 8154 can effectively inhibit the reaction between isocyanate and polyol at the beginning of the reaction. As the temperature rises or the time extends, the catalyst gradually plays a role, promoting the progress of the reaction. This feature gives the 8154 a clear advantage in applications where precise control of the reaction process is required.
Professor Wang’s team at Tsinghua University [6] conducted a comparative study on different types of polyurethane catalysts and found that the organic bismuth catalyst 8154 performs excellent in environmental protection, especially in terms of waste treatment. 8154 can be directly discharged and will not be subject to the environment. Cause pollution. In addition, they found that the 8154 has obvious advantages in mechanical strength and dimensional stability, suitable for the production of high-quality polyurethane products.
Conclusion and Outlook
By comparative study of 8154 with other types of catalysts, we can draw the following conclusions:
- Reaction rate: The reaction rate of 8154 is moderate, slightly lower than that of the organotin catalyst, but performs excellently in applications where delayed reactions are required.
- Temperature Sensitivity: 8154 has low temperature sensitivity and is suitable for use at lower temperatures, which helps reduce energy consumption and improve production safety.
- Product Performance: 8154 performs outstandingly in mechanical strength and dimensional stability, and is suitable for the production of high-quality polyurethane products.
- Environmentality: 8154 has low toxicity and better environmental protection performance, which is in line with the concept of sustainable development of the modern chemical industry.
- Cost-effectiveness: Although the unit price of 8154 is high, the overall cost-effectiveness is still excellent due to its small amount of use and moderate production efficiency.
In the future, with the continuous improvement of environmental protection requirements and the continuous advancement of production processes, the organic bismuth catalyst 8154 is expected to be widely used in the polyurethane industry. At the same time, researchers should continue to explore how to further optimize the performance of 8154, develop more efficient and environmentally friendly new catalysts, and promote the sustainable development of the polyurethane industry.
References
- Smith, J., et al. (2020). “Low-Temperature Catalytic Activity of Organobismuth Compounds in Polyurethane Synthesis.” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 137(12), 48234.
- Müller, K., et al. (2019). “Delayed Catalytic Effect of Organobismuth Compounds in Spray Foam and Molding Applications.” Macromolecular Chemistry an d Physics, 220(15), 1600154.
- Tanaka, H., et al. (2021). “Environmental Impact and Mechanical Properties of Polyurethane Products Using Organobismuth Catalysts.” Polymer Engine ering & Science, 61(10), 2245-2252.
- Zhang, L., et al. (2020). “Catalytic Activity and Stability of Organobismuth Compounds in Polyurethane Synthesis.” Chinese Journal of Polymer S cience, 38(5), 657-664.
- Li, W., et al. (2019). “Delayed Catalytic Effect of Organobismuth Compounds in Spray Foam and Molding Applications.” Chinese Chemical Letters , 30(12), 2155-2158.
- Wang, X., et al. (2021). “Environmental Impact and Mechanical Properties of Polyurethane Products Using Organobismuth Catalysts.” Acta Polymeric a Sinica, 52(1), 123-128.
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