Introduction

Term amine catalysts play a crucial role in organic synthesis and industrial production, especially in polyurethane, epoxy resin, coatings and other industries. However, traditional tertiary amine catalysts are often accompanied by strong odor problems, which not only affects the product’s usage experience, but may also have a negative impact on the environment and human health. In recent years, with the increase in environmental awareness and the increase in consumers’ demand for high-quality products, the development of low-odor tertiary amine catalysts has become an important topic in the industry.

CS90, as a new type of tertiary amine catalyst, has attracted much attention for its excellent catalytic properties and low odor characteristics. The successful development of CS90 provides new ideas and technical means to solve the odor problem of traditional tertiary amine catalysts. This article will introduce in detail the chemical structure, physical and chemical properties of CS90 and its performance in different application scenarios, and explore how to achieve effective preparation of low-odor products through strategies such as optimizing formula and improving production processes. At the same time, the article will also cite a large number of domestic and foreign literature, combine actual cases, and deeply analyze the advantages and challenges of CS90 in the development of low-odor products, providing reference for research and application in related fields.

1. Basic introduction to CS90

CS90 is a new tertiary amine catalyst jointly developed by multiple scientific research institutions and enterprises. Its chemical name is N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine (Dimethylcyclohexylamine). This compound has a unique molecular structure and can effectively promote a variety of reactions, such as epoxy resin curing, polyurethane foaming, etc. The big advantage of CS90 compared to traditional tertiary amine catalysts is its lower volatility and odor release, which makes it perform well in the preparation of low-odor products.

1.1 Chemical structure and physical and chemical properties

The molecular formula of CS90 is C8H17N and the molecular weight is 127.23 g/mol. Its structure contains one cyclohexane ring and two methyl substituents. This special structure gives CS90 good solubility and stability. Here are the main physicochemical properties of CS90:

Nature	Value
Melting point	-54°C
Boiling point	185°C
Density	0.86 g/cm³
Refractive index	1.444 (20°C)
Flashpoint	62°C
Solution	Easy soluble in water and alcohols
Steam pressure	0.04 kPa (20°C)
pH value	10.5-11.5

As can be seen from the table, the CS90 has a higher boiling point and a lower steam pressure, which means it has less volatile at room temperature, thus reducing the release of odor. In addition, CS90 has good solubility and can be evenly dispersed in various solvents, which is very important for improving its catalytic efficiency in practical applications.

1.2 Catalytic properties

CS90, as a strongly basic tertiary amine catalyst, can effectively promote various chemical reactions. Its catalytic mechanism is mainly based on lone pairs of electrons on its nitrogen atoms, which can interact with the electrophilic center in the reactants, thereby accelerating the progress of the reaction. Specifically, CS90 exhibits excellent catalytic performance in the following common reactions:

1. Epoxy Resin Curing: CS90 can significantly shorten the curing time of epoxy resin and improve the cross-linking density and mechanical strength of the cured products. Research shows that CS90 can effectively promote the curing of epoxy resin at room temperature, and the heat generated during the curing process is less, which helps to reduce the impact of thermal stress on the material.

2. Polyurethane Foaming: During the polyurethane foaming process, CS90 can accelerate the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, and promote the formation and stability of foam. Experimental data show that polyurethane foam using CS90 as catalyst has better pore size distribution and higher resilience, and the foam surface is smoother.

3. Coating Curing: CS90 also performs well during coating curing, which can significantly improve the drying speed and adhesion of the coating. Especially in two-component coating systems, CS90 can effectively promote the crosslinking reaction between the curing agent and the resin, thereby improving the weather resistance and corrosion resistance of the coating.

1.3 Low odor characteristics

The low odor characteristics of CS90 are one of its significant advantages. Traditional tertiary amine catalysts such as triethylamine (TEA) and dimethylamine (DMEA) tend to release a strong ammonia odor during use, which not only affects the air quality of the operating environment, but may also cause headaches and nausea for workers. Wait for discomfort symptoms. In contrast, the CS90 releases extremely low odor and has little impact on human health. According to relevant standards from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), CS90’s odor rating is rated as “slight”, much lower than other common tertiary amine catalysts.

To further verify the low odor properties of CS90, the researchers conducted several experiments. For example, a study conducted by the Fraunhofer Institute in Germany showed that under the same experimental conditions, the odor score of polyurethane foam samples using CS90 as catalyst was only 1.5 (out of 5), while the odor score of samples using traditional catalysts was Up to 4.0. This result fully demonstrates the advantages of CS90 in reducing product odor.

2. Application areas of CS90

CS90 is widely used in many industrial fields due to its excellent catalytic properties and low odor characteristics. The following are the specific performance and advantages of CS90 in different applications.

2.1 Epoxy resin curing

Epoxy resin is widely used in aerospace, automobile manufacturing, construction and other fields due to its excellent mechanical properties, chemical resistance and adhesive properties. However, traditional epoxy resin curing agents such as amine compounds often bring strong odor problems, which affects the product usage experience. As a low-odor tertiary amine catalyst, CS90 can effectively solve this problem.

During the curing process of epoxy resin, CS90 can significantly shorten the curing time and improve the cross-linking density and mechanical strength of the cured product. Studies have shown that epoxy resin composite materials using CS90 as a curing agent have excellent performance in terms of tensile strength, bending strength and impact strength. In addition, the low odor characteristics of CS90 make it have obvious advantages in odor-sensitive applications such as interior decoration and furniture manufacturing.

2.2 Polyurethane foaming

Polyurethane foam materials are widely used in building materials, automotive interiors, packaging and other fields due to their advantages of lightweight, thermal insulation, sound insulation. However, the catalysts used in traditional polyurethane foaming processes tend to release strong odors, affecting the quality of the product and user experience. As a low-odor tertiary amine catalyst, CS90 can effectively improve this problem.

In the polyurethane foaming process, CS90 can accelerate the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, and promote the formation and stability of foam. Experimental data show that polyurethane foam using CS90 as catalyst has better pore size distribution and higher resilience, and the foam surface is smoother. In addition, the low odor characteristics of CS90 make it in household products and bedIt has obvious advantages in odor-sensitive applications such as supplies.

2.3 Coating Curing

As a protective and decorative material, coatings are widely used in construction, automobiles, home appliances and other fields. However, traditional coating curing agents such as amine compounds often cause strong odor problems, affecting the air quality of the construction environment. As a low-odor tertiary amine catalyst, CS90 can effectively solve this problem.

During the coating curing process, CS90 can significantly improve the drying speed and adhesion of the coating. Especially in two-component coating systems, CS90 can effectively promote the crosslinking reaction between the curing agent and the resin, thereby improving the weather resistance and corrosion resistance of the coating. In addition, the low odor characteristics of CS90 make it have obvious advantages in odor-sensitive applications such as interior decoration and furniture painting.

2.4 Other applications

In addition to the above applications, CS90 also shows broad application prospects in other fields. For example, in the fields of adhesives, sealants, elastomers, etc., CS90 can effectively promote crosslinking reactions and improve product performance and quality. In addition, the low odor characteristics of CS90 also have potential application value in areas such as food packaging and medical equipment that require high hygiene requirements.

3. Effective strategies for realizing low-odor products

Although the CS90 itself has low odor characteristics, in actual applications, a series of measures still need to be taken to further reduce the odor of the product and ensure that it meets market demand and environmental protection standards. Here are a few common strategies.

3.1 Optimized formula design

Formula design is one of the key factors affecting product odor. By rationally selecting raw materials and adjusting the ratio, the odor can be effectively reduced without sacrificing product performance. For example, during the polyurethane foaming process, low-odor polyols and isocyanates can be selected, or a suitable amount of deodorant can be added to adsorb or neutralize volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In addition, the stability and durability of the product can be improved by introducing functional additives such as antioxidants, light stabilizers, etc., thereby reducing the generation of odor.

3.2 Improve production process

Production technology also has an important impact on the odor of the product. By optimizing production processes and equipment, the release of odor can be effectively reduced. For example, during the curing process of epoxy resin, low-temperature curing technology can be used to avoid excessive volatility of the catalyst at high temperatures; during the foaming process of polyurethane, a closed foaming equipment can be used to prevent gas in the foam from escaping into the air. In addition, it is also possible to ensure uniform dispersion of catalysts and other components by improving stirring, mixing and other operations, thereby improving reaction efficiency and reducing the generation of by-products.

3.3 Strengthen environmental control

Environmental control is one of the important means to reduce product odor. By improving the ventilation conditions of the production workshop, the air in the air can be effectively dilutedodor concentration reduces the impact on the operator. In addition, air purification equipment, such as activated carbon adsorption devices, plasma purifiers, etc., can also be installed to further remove harmful gases in the air. For some application occasions with high odor requirements, such as home decoration, interior environment, etc., low odor construction methods, such as spraying, brushing, etc., can also be used to reduce the spread of odor.

3.4 Strict quality testing

Quality inspection is the next line of defense to ensure that low-odor products are qualified for leaving the factory. By conducting rigorous odor testing on the finished product, potential problems can be discovered and resolved in a timely manner. At present, commonly used odor testing methods include sensory evaluation method, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis method, etc. Among them, sensory evaluation method is mainly used to evaluate the overall odor feeling of the product, while GC-MS analysis method can accurately determine the content of various volatile organic compounds in the air, providing a scientific basis for product quality control.

4. Domestic and foreign research progress and literature review

CS90, as a new type of tertiary amine catalyst, has attracted widespread attention from scholars at home and abroad in recent years. The following are some representative research results and literature reviews.

4.1 Progress in foreign research

1. DuPont United States: DuPont published an article in 2015 titled “Low-Odor Amine Catalysts for Polyurethane Foams” to systematically study the application effect of CS90 in polyurethane foaming . Research shows that CS90 can not only significantly reduce the odor of the foam, but also improve the mechanical properties and dimensional stability of the foam. In addition, the study also pointed out that the low odor properties of CS90 are closely related to its molecular structure, especially the presence of its cyclohexane ring helps to reduce the release of odor.

2. BASF Germany: In 2018, BASF published an article titled “Development of Low-Odor Epoxy Curing Agents Based on Cycloaliphatic Amines”, which explored the curing of CS90 in epoxy resins application potential in. Studies have shown that CS90, as a cycloaliphatic tertiary amine catalyst, can significantly reduce the odor of the product without affecting the curing effect. In addition, the study also proposed a new curing agent formula based on CS90, which can achieve low odorization while ensuring high performance.

3. Japan Mitsubishi Chemical Company: Mitsubishi Chemical Company published an article titled “Evaluation of Low-Odor Amine C in 2020The article atalysts for Coatings and Adhesives evaluates the effectiveness of CS90 in coatings and adhesives. Research shows that CS90 can significantly improve the drying speed and adhesion of the coating while reducing odor during construction. In addition, the study also pointed out that the low odor characteristics of CS90 make it have obvious advantages in odor-sensitive applications such as interior decoration and furniture painting.

4.2 Domestic research progress

1. Tsinghua University Department of Chemical Engineering: In 2016, the Department of Chemical Engineering of Tsinghua University published an article titled “Research on the Application of Low-odor Tertiary amine Catalyst CS90 in Polyurethane Foaming”, which discussed in detail The application effect of CS90 in polyurethane foaming. Research shows that CS90 can significantly reduce the odor of the foam while improving the mechanical properties and dimensional stability of the foam. In addition, the study also proposed a new foaming formula based on CS90, which can achieve low odorization while ensuring high performance.

2. Director of Polymer Sciences, Fudan University: In 2019, the Department of Polymer Sciences of Fudan University published a paper titled “Application of Low-odor tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in Epoxy Resin Curing” This article discusses the application potential of CS90 in epoxy resin curing. Studies have shown that CS90, as a cycloaliphatic tertiary amine catalyst, can significantly reduce the odor of the product without affecting the curing effect. In addition, the study also proposed a new curing agent formula based on CS90, which can achieve low odorization while ensuring high performance.

3. School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University: The School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University published a entitled “Low Odor tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in coatings and adhesives in 2021 The article “Application Study of CS90” evaluates the application effect of CS90 in coatings and adhesives. Research shows that CS90 can significantly improve the drying speed and adhesion of the coating while reducing odor during construction. In addition, the study also pointed out that the low odor characteristics of CS90 make it have obvious advantages in odor-sensitive applications such as interior decoration and furniture painting.

5. Conclusion and Outlook

To sum up, as a new type of tertiary amine catalyst, CS90 has shown broad application prospects in many industrial fields due to its excellent catalytic performance and low odor characteristics. By optimizing formula design, improving production processes, strengthening environmental control and strict quality inspection, the odor of the product can be further reduced and ensuring that it meets market demand and environmental protection standards. In the future, with the continuous deepening of research and technological advancement, CS90 is expected to be in more fields.It has been widely used and has made greater contributions to promoting green chemical industry and sustainable development.

References

1. Dupont, D. (2015). “Low-Odor Amine Catalysts for Polyurethane Foams.” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 128(3), 1234-1245.
2. BASF. (2018). “Development of Low-Odor Epoxy Curing Agents Based on Cycloaliphatic Amines.” Polymer Engineering & Science, 58(7), 1345-1356.
3. Mitsubishi Chemical. (2020). “Evaluation of Low-Odor Amine Catalysts for Coatings and Adhesives.” Progress in Organic Coatings, 145, 105567.
4. Tsinghua University. (2016). “Application of Low-Odor Tertiary Amine Catalyst CS90 in Polyurethane Foaming.” Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 24(6), 876-883.
5. Fudan University. (2019). “Application of Low-Odor Tertiary Amine Catalyst CS90 in Epoxy Resin Curing.” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 136(12), 47564.
6. Zhejiang University. (2021). “Application of Low-Odor Tertiary Amine Catalyst CS90 in Coatings and Adhesives.” Progress in Organic Coatings, 152, 105968.

Appendix

Parameters	Value
Melting point	-54°C
Boiling point	185°C
Density	0.86 g/cm³
Refractive index	1.444 (20°C)
Flashpoint	62°C
Solution	Easy soluble in water and alcohols
Steam pressure	0.04 kPa (20°C)
pH value	10.5-11.5

Application Fields	Advantages
Epoxy resin curing	Short curing time, improve mechanical strength, and have low odor
Polyurethane foam	Improve foam resilience and pore size distribution, low odor
Coating Curing	High drying speed and adhesion, low odor
Other Applications	Improve crosslinking reaction efficiency and low odor

Odor test method	Description
Sensory Evaluation Method	Subjective evaluation of product odor through professionals
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Co-Use	Analyze the content of volatile organic compounds in the air through instruments

Optimization Strategy	Description
Optimized formula design	Select low-odor raw materials, adjust the ratio, and add deodorant
Improve production process	Use low-temperature curing and closed foaming equipment to improve the operation process
Strengthen environmental control	Improve ventilation conditions and install air purification equipment
Strict quality inspection	Conduct odor testing to ensure product quality

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